- how an essay or individual paragraphs are arranged
- is it organized in the best way to achieve the purpose
- how a writer structures the argument depends on the purpose and affect
The Classical Model
- five part structure for a speech or an oratory
- introduction or exordium, which in Latin means "beginning a web" introduces reader under discussion
- introduction draws the readers attention by challenging them
- a lot of times the introduction is where ethos is used
- narration (narratio) this is factual information and the background material.
- the narration beings the development
- often appeals to pathos, because writer is trying to evoke an emotional response
- confirmation(confirmatio) usually major part of text
- has the proof or development to make the writer's argument
- most specific and concrete detail in text
- confirmation strongest appeal to logos
- refutation(refutatio) addresses counterargument
- bridge between writer's proof and conclusion
- conclusion (peroratio) brings essay to a satisfying close
- usually pathos and reminds the reader of the ethos said earlier
- brings writer's idea together and answered the question, so what
Patterns of Development
- another what to consider arrangement
- is writer's purpose to compare and contrast, to narrate an event, to define a term
- each suggest a method of organization or arrangement
- include a range of logical ways to organize an enitre text or individual paragraphs or section
Narration
- refers to telling a story or recounting a series of events
- can be based on personal experience or on knowledge gained from reading or observation
- chronology usually governs narration
- includes concrete detail, a point of view, and sometimes dialogue
- a story that supports your thesis
- often writers use it as a way to enter into their topics
Description
- closely allied with narration b/c both include specific details
- emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, or feels
- often used to establish a mood or atmosphere
- often not an entire essay is descriptive
- but description that is clear and vivid can make writing more persuasive
- by asking readers to see and feel what you see and feel, they can empathize with you, your subject or your argument
Process Analysis
- explains how something works
- how something works or is done
- how to improve a difficult situation or assemble a something
- the key is clarity
- important to explain a subject clearly and logically
- with steps, stages, or phases of the process
Exemplification
- providing facts, specific cases, or instances, turns a general idea into a concrete one
- makes argument clear and more persuasive to reader
- giving an example
- Aristotle taught that examples are a type of logical proof called induction
- which is a serious of specific examples that leads to a general conclusion
Comparison and Contrast
- juxtaposing two things to highlight their differences and similarities
- to analyze information carefully, often leads to insights into the nature of the information being analyzed
- often required on examinations where you discuss the subtle differences or similarities in the methods, purpose, or style of two texts
- can be organized in two ways: subject by subject or point by point
- subject by subject the writer discusses all elements of one subject then turns to another.
- point by point us organized around the specific points of a discussion
Classification and Division
- important for readers to be able to sort out materials or ideas into major categories
- by answering the question what goes where and why readers and writers can make connections between things that may otherwise seem unrelated
- ready made categories such as single, married, divorced, or widowed
- could be asked to analyze and essay that offers categories or to apply to them
- mostly a writer is to develop their own categories to find a distinctive way of breaking down a larger idea or concept into parts
Definition
- may lay the foundation or establish common ground or identifying areas or conflict to make sure the writer and audience are speaking the same language
- defining a term is often the first step in a debate or disagreement
- some cases it is only a paragraph but in others it is the purpose of the entire essay
Cause and Effect
- analyzing causes that lead to certain effect or the effects that result from a cause is a powerful foundation for an argument
- casual analysis depends on crystal clear logic, it is important to carefully trace a chain or cause and effect to recognize possible contributing causes
- don't want to jump to conclusion that there is only one cause or result
- don't want to mistake effect for an underlying cause
- often signaled by a why in the title or the opening paragraph
1 comment:
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